December 2008 Archives

The New Atheism, a definition and a quiz

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The New Atheism, a definition and a quiz    Andrew Brown   guardian.uk

Since this is the season for warmed up leftovers and presents not entirely appreciated, I thought I would try to define the New Atheism that I, and others, so dislike.

For Good Self-Control, Try Getting Religious About It - NYTimes.com

If I'm serious about keeping my New Year's resolutions in 2009, should I add another one? Should the to-do list include, "Start going to church"?

This is an awkward question for a heathen to contemplate, but I felt obliged to raise it with Michael McCullough after reading his report in the upcoming issue of the Psychological Bulletin. He and a fellow psychologist at the University of Miami, Brian Willoughby, have reviewed eight decades of research and concluded that religious belief and piety promote self-control.

SELF AWARENESS: THE LAST FRONTIER

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Edge: SELF AWARENESS: THE LAST FRONTIER By V.S. Ramachandran

One of the last remaining problems in science is the riddle of consciousness. The human brain--a mere lump of jelly inside your cranial vault--can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space and grapple with concepts such as zero and infinity. Even more remarkably it can ask disquieting questions about the meaning of its own existence. "Who am I" is arguably the most fundamental of all questions. It really breaks down into two problems--the problem of qualia and the problem of the self. My colleagues, the late Francis Crick and Christof Koch have done a valuable service in pointing out that consciousness might be an empirical rather than philosophical problem, and have offered some ingenious suggestions. But I would disagree with their position that the qualia problem is simpler and should be addressed first before we tackle the "Self." I think the very opposite is true. I have every confidence that the problem of self will be solved within the lifetimes of most readers of this essay. But not qualia.

You Can't Have Logic Without Emotion

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You Can't Have Logic Without Emotion -- Dailygalaxy.com

In fact, the entire "science of thinking" was approached somewhat backwards right from the start. Perhaps, this was partly due to the field being largely dominated by men who suspected (in true Vulcan fashion) that "feeling" is inferior to logic. In fact, as I was summarizing these findings for this post, my husband called to tell me about a problem he is having with a coworker. I asked him if he had talked to the individual to find out how he was feeling. My husband replied, "Men don't talk about feelings. We talk about facts."

The Ten Days of Newton

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The Ten Days of Newton    - Olivia Judson Blog - NYTimes.com

Some years ago, the evolutionist and atheist Richard Dawkins pointed out to me that Sir Isaac Newton, the founder of modern physics and mathematics, and arguably the greatest scientist of all time, was born on Christmas Day, and that therefore Newton's Birthday could be an alternative, if somewhat nerdy, excuse for a winter holiday...

On the tenth day of Newton,
My true love gave to me,
Ten drops of genius,
Nine silver co-oins,
Eight circling planets,
Seven shades of li-ight,
Six counterfeiters,
Cal-Cu-Lus!
Four telescopes,
Three Laws of Motion,
Two awful feuds,
And the discovery of gravity!

Selflessness Has Neuropsychological Connection

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Selflessness Has Neuropsychological Connection -- Sciencedaily.com

Researchers say the implication of this connection means people in many disciplines, including peace studies, health care or religion can learn different ways to attain selflessness, to experience transcendence, and to help themselves and others.

This study, along with other recent neuroradiological studies of Buddhist meditators and Francescan nuns, suggests that all individuals, regardless of cultural background or religion, experience the same neuropsychological functions during spiritual experiences, such as transcendence. Transcendence, feelings of universal unity and decreased sense of self, is a core tenet of all major religions. Meditation and prayer are the primary vehicles by which such spiritual transcendence is achieved.

Blind Man Navigates Obstacle Course

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The video above seems completely unremarkable at first - man walks down a corridor, navigating his way around easily visible and conspicuous obstacles. But it's far from an easy task; in fact, it should be nigh-impossible. The man, known only as TN, is totally blind. His inability to see stems from a failure in his brain rather than his eyes. Those work normally, but his visual cortex - the part of the brain that processes visual information - is inactive. As a result, TN is completely unaware of the ability to see and in his everyday life, he behaves like a blind person, using a stick to find his way around. Nevertheless, he can clearly make his way through a gauntlet of obstacles without making a single mistake.

A Highly Evolved Propensity for Deceit

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A Highly Evolved Propensity for Deceit - NYTimes.com

Tallying the results, the researchers found that the college students told an average of two lies a day, community members one a day, and that most of the lies fell into the minor fib category. "I told him I missed him and thought about him every day when I really don't think about him at all," wrote one participant. "Said I sent the check this morning," wrote another.

In a follow-up study, the researchers asked participants to describe the worst lies they'd ever told, and then out came confessions of adultery, of defrauding an employer, of lying on a witness stand to protect an employer. When asked how they felt about their lies, many described being haunted with guilt, but others confessed that once they realized they'd gotten away with a whopper, why, they did it again, and again.

Dan Gilbert Explores the Frontiers of Happiness

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People 'still willing to torture'

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 People 'still willing to torture' -- BBC.com

US researchers repeated the famous "Milgram test", with volunteers told to deliver electrical shocks to another volunteer - played by an actor. Even after faked screams of pain, 70% were prepared to increase the voltage, the American Psychology study found.

The Living Dead

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The living dead -Times Online

But a bucket of iced water is necessary at this point. Few scientists think any of this is going to happen. Believers in a new dualism -- or, indeed, believers that there is anything more to NDEs than a psychologically interesting hallucination -- are still in a small minority. The problem is that all the evidence remains anecdotal, and even the most impressive stories, like Reynolds's, tend to look less convincing on closer examination. "There are many claims of this kind," writes the prominent psychologist Susan Blackmore, "but in my long decades of research into NDEs I never met any convincing evidence that they are true."

Most Likely to Succeed

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Most Likely to Succeed: Reporting & Essays: The New Yorker

The students in the class of a very good teacher will learn a year and a half's worth of material. That difference amounts to a year's worth of learning in a single year. Teacher effects dwarf school effects: your child is actually better off in a "bad" school with an excellent teacher than in an excellent school with a bad teacher. Teacher effects are also much stronger than class-size effects. You'd have to cut the average class almost in half to get the same boost that you'd get if you switched from an average teacher to a teacher in the eighty-fifth percentile. And remember that a good teacher costs as much as an average one, whereas halving class size would require that you build twice as many classrooms and hire twice as many teachers.

Leaving Literature Behind

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Leaving Literature Behind - ChronicleReview.com

The good news is that we've created a discipline: literary studies. The bad news is that we've made ourselves rulers of a realm that has separated itself almost completely from the rest of the world. In the process, we've lost many of the students -- I'd say, many of them men -- and even some of the professors. And yet still we teach literature as if to future versions of ourselves -- not that there will be many jobs for them. The vast majority of students don't even want to be professors: They'd like to get something from a book they can use in their lives outside the classroom. What right have we to forget them?

Students get something out of a book by reading it. Love of reading was, after all, what got most of us into this business to begin with. We are killing that experience with the discipline of literary studies, with its network of relations in which an individual work almost becomes incidental. But it's the individual work that changes lives.

Why We Need More Torture in Videogames

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Why We Need More Torture in Videogames  -- Wired.com

Should games include torture? ...

[T]he answer is simple: Sure they should.

In fact, I'll go further. I think we need more torture in videogames. And better torture.

Brains Apart: The Real Difference Between the Sexes

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Brains apart: The real difference between the sexes - life - 16 July 2008 - New Scientist

Research is revealing that male and female brains are built from markedly different genetic blueprints, which create numerous anatomical differences. There are also differences in the circuitry that wires them up and the chemicals that transmit messages between neurons. All this is pointing towards the conclusion that there is not just one kind of human brain, but two.

How The Brain Thinks About Crime And Punishment

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How The Brain Thinks About Crime And Punishment -- Sciencedaily.com

When someone is accused of committing a crime, it is the responsibility of impartial third parties, generally jurors and judges, to determine if that person is guilty and, if so, how much he or she should be punished. But how does one's brain actually make these decisions? The researchers found that two distinct areas of the brain assess guilt and decide penalty.

Happiness and Social Networks

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Social Networks and Happiness by Nicholas A. Christakis & James Fowler ~ Edge.org

We found that social networks have clusters of happy and unhappy people within them that reach out to three degrees of separation. A person's happiness is related to the happiness of their friends, their friends' friends, and their friends' friends' friends--that is, to people well beyond their social horizon. We found that happy people tend to be located in the center of their social networks and to be located in large clusters of other happy people. And we found that each additional happy friend increases a person's probability of being happy by about 9%. For comparison, having an extra $5,000 in income (in 1984 dollars) increased the probability of being happy by about 2%.

Happiness, in short, is not merely a function of personal experience, but also is a property of groups. Emotions are a collective phenomenon.

The Return of Goodness

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'The return of goodness' by Edward Skidelsky | Prospect Magazine September 2008 issue 150

[T]he pre-modern traditions remain alive under the surface. We cannot but admire feats of courage and self-denial; we cannot but feel disgusted by greed and sloth. Nor are such reactions merely snobbish or aesthetic; they are closely connected to the more strictly moral reactions of respect and indignation. Yet our public language forbids us to acknowledge this connection, forcing us to disguise what are at root ethical responses as something altogether different. For instance, hostility to smoking--clearly at heart a moral aversion to intemperance--must masquerade as a concern for public health or the rights of innocent third parties. Hence the stress placed on the (spurious) concept of passive smoking.

Dogs Have Sense of Fairness

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Studies show dogs have sense of fairness - Yahoo! News

No fair! What parent hasn't heard that from a child who thinks another youngster got more of something? Well, it turns out dogs can react the same way. Ask them to do a trick and they'll give it a try. For a reward, sausage say, they'll happily keep at it. But if one dog gets no reward, and then sees another get sausage for doing the same trick, just try to get the first one to do it again. Indeed, he may even turn away and refuse to look at you.

"Self-Aware" Robots

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Link here to visit the TED site for the original video and discussion.

Teen Self-Esteem May Be Too High

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Teen Self-Esteem May Be Too High ~ LiveScience

"I am the greatest!" the great boxer Muhammad Ali famously declared--later adding, "I said that even before I knew I was." According to a new study published in the journal Psychological Science, Ali's opinion of himself echoes the self-esteem in much of today's youth, who are more confident in themselves and their skills than earlier generations. Some think the pendulum may have swung too far.

Grade 'H'?! More Schools Flunk the 'F'

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Grade 'H'?! More Schools Flunk the 'F' -- ABCnews.com

For more students nationwide, the grading alphabet ends at "D," as school districts eliminate policies that allow children to be given failing marks. At public schools in Grand Rapids, Mich., high school students will no longer receive "F"s but instead will earn the letter "H" when their work falls woefully short. Superintendent Bernard Taylor told ABCNews.com that the "H" stands for "held," and is a system designed to give students a second chance on work that was not up to par. "I never see anyone doing anything but punishing kids," said Taylor. "If the choice is between letting kids fail and giving them another opportunity to succeed, I'm going to err on the side of opportunity."...

Alan Kazdin, a professor of psychology and child psychiatry at Yale University, believes that schools that veer away from giving children the grades they have earned, even when it's a zero or an "F," aren't doing anyone any good.

"Children aren't going to gain from ambiguous information regarding their grades," said Kazdin.

"The fact is children are failing yet we don't want to call it that," said Kazdin. "It's this whole notion that everyone's a winner and everyone gets a trophy."

Kazdin argues that children are perceptive enough that they will eventually realize they aren't doing well in school whether teachers give them "F"s or not, and that hiding their true level of achievement will only confuse them further.

"The task is to change the reality, not the labeling of it," he said.


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This page is an archive of entries from December 2008 listed from newest to oldest.

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